Booknotes: Lincoln's Rise to Eloquence

New Arrival:

• Lincoln's Rise to Eloquence: How He Gained the Presidential Nomination by D. Leigh Henson (Univ of Ill Pr, 2024).

Combining disciplined self-education, ambitious drive, and natural intelligence, Abraham Lincoln was one of those gifted men able to successfully rise above presumed limitations of humble beginnings. His public oratory, seamlessly alternating between being folksy in popular appeal and striking in formal political and legal expression, was an essential tool in Lincoln's political arsenal. What was behind its development is the focus of D. Leigh Henson's Lincoln's Rise to Eloquence: How He Gained the Presidential Nomination.

Presented in two parts, the first addressing Lincoln's early Whig career and use of language to "gain distinction in Congress" and the second his 1850s rhetorical duels against both Stephen Douglas and slavery, Henson's study "examines Lincoln’s pre-presidential development as a rhetorician, the purposes and methods behind his speeches and writings, and how the works contributed to his political rise."

As outlined by numerous Lincoln experts, Lincoln's rhetorical power was rooted in multiple sources. More from the description: "Lincoln’s close study of the rhetorical process drew on sources that ranged from classical writings to foundational American documents to the speeches of Daniel Webster. As Henson shows, Lincoln applied his learning to combine arguments on historical, legal, and moral grounds with appeals to emotion and his own carefully curated credibility."

When it comes to analyzing the structure of Lincoln's rhetoric, other works of recent vintage—such as those from David Hirsch and Dan Van Haften that have deconstructed Lincoln's words and speeches using principles of science and math (specifically geometry)—come to mind. Henson "also explores Lincoln’s use of the elements of structural design to craft coherent arguments that, whatever their varying purposes, used direct and plain language to reach diverse audiences--and laid the groundwork for his rise to the White House."

Lincoln’s Rise to Eloquence "follows Lincoln from his early career through the years-long clashes with Stephen A. Douglas to trace the future president’s evolution as a communicator and politician."

Booknotes: Roads to Antietam, Third Edition

New Arrival:

• Roads to Antietam, Third Edition by John W. Schildt (Antietam Inst, 2024).

With its release of a third edition of John Schildt's Roads to Antietam, the Antietam Institute has now added classic reprints to its current stable of publications, which includes the biannual Antietam Journal and yearly "member incentive" original books.

Prior editions of Schildt's book are the original 1985 hardcover from Antietam Publications and the 1997 version from Burd Street Press (or at least that's what Google Books tells me). As of this writing, I don't have a cover image to share here and there aren't any book page links available for this particular title on the institute's website yet. I would imagine that those will become available soon. The third edition is a hardcover with dust jacket (the binding being similar to that of the institute's most recent release, From Frederick to Sharpsburg).

Here is the publisher's description from an earlier edition: "An informative guide to the actual routes followed by armies of both North and South and the experiences of the men before the crucial battle. Roads to Antietam is the story of the armies marching to battle in September 1862 and what that experience was like for the men in the ranks and the civilians along the routes. Clouds of dust, marching men, the rumble of wagons, and the late summer heat and haze added to the noise and confusion of hundreds of units snaking their way up from Virginia and the camps around Washington, D.C. Soldiers from the North and South wondered where they were going as they marched along the roads of Maryland."

Not having available an earlier version for direct comparison, I don't know anything about the quantity of material that has been added over the years between editions or if the many illustrations present here in this copy are new to the third edition. That said, Tom McMillan's new foreword does point out that the third edition contains an "addition of extensive primary source material and an updated series of distinctive maps..." (pg. viii). The newly commissioned maps from Aaron Holley are six in total.

Review - "Holding Charleston by the Bridle: Castle Pinckney and the Civil War" by Roberts & Locke

[Holding Charleston by the Bridle: Castle Pinckney and the Civil War by W. Clifford Roberts, Jr. & Matthew A.M. Locke (Savas Beatie, 2024). Hardcover, maps, photos, illustrations, footnotes, appendix section, bibliography, index. Pages main/total:xxviii,206/287. ISBN:978-1-61121-714-8. $32.95]

It certainly wasn't for want of trying, but every Union effort to carry Charleston harbor by direct land and naval assault and finally seize the Cradle of Secession failed. Instead, Charleston's fate would ultimately be determined by outside forces. In February 1865, the city and its surrounding forts, outflanked and isolated by General William T. Sherman's inexorable inland advance up through the Carolinas, were evacuated by their defenders.

So how did Charleston hold out for so long when so many other Confederate fortresses and cities were unable to cope with the Union's vast superiority in combined operations technology and strength? One major factor was the harbor's extensive defense in depth, which consisted of mutually supporting forts and batteries, torpedoes, and fixed obstructions, all backed by a small but powerful ironclad flotilla. That combination proved so effective that even the perimeter, which consisted principally of forts Sumter, Moultrie, and Johnson, successfully resisted both heavy enemy land forces and the Union Navy's greatest concentration of ironclad warships. That maintenance of the harbor's outermost cordon of defense meant that interior posts were left relatively untested throughout the conflict and their own stories largely neglected in the military history literature. As just one example, the wartime history of Castle Pinckney, a Second System fort situated on Shute's Folly Island that oversaw both the mouth of the Cooper River and the city of Charleston's commercial waterfront, has been completely overshadowed by those of the outer forts (Sumter in particular). Ably bringing that topic to the forefront is W. Clifford Roberts, Jr. and Matthew A.M. Locke's Holding Charleston by the Bridle: Castle Pinckney and the Civil War.

Roberts and Locke's study touches upon the entire length of Castle Pinckney's existence, even addressing its Colonial-era antecedents. During the Early Republic period, much of the nation's military spending went into coastal defense, and the need for more modern fortifications on Shute's Island was well recognized by local, state, and national planners. That recognition resulted in Castle Pinckney being built over the remains of the old Fort Pinckney. With its guns capable of hitting Charleston itself, the Second System fort figured prominently during the Nullification Crisis, and the harbor post also served as a holding facility for Second Seminole War prisoners (which would not be the last time the fort doubled as a prison). Throughout the book the authors do a fine job of selecting which aspects of the fort's long history to emphasize, and both of those events are discussed. However, as time went on the Shute's Folly fort's utility as a first-line military position was overtaken by the nation's new Third System of coastal defense, which addressed major advances in engineering and technology (in particular, more powerful and longer range artillery).

Appropriately, perhaps half the book covers the Civil War-era, with Pinckney gaining early distinction as the first fort in the harbor seized by hastily organized southern militia. Throughout its history, Pinckney's security and relative isolation made it useful as a multi-purpose facility, and during the Civil War it also housed prisoners (the first batch being those captured at Manassas in 1861). In addition to detailing that part of its story, Roberts and Locke also recount at length the continual defensive improvements made to the fort, which included massive sand revetment, armament upgrades, wall reinforcement to hold up the increased weight, and new enclosed field works to address the vulnerability of the fort's open rear. Their text also offers numerous insights into the personalities and daily lives of the fort's rotating series of defending units and leaders. While increasingly massive Union rifled siege artillery gradually pounded Sumter into rubble from 1863 onward, the more distant Pinckney did not escape occasional shelling. Nevertheless, that threat was never far from the minds of its defenders and much of the text serves as a highly informative case study of the many ways in which the Confederates responded to the enemy's steadily growing edge in heavy artillery capabilities with effective military engineering countermeasures of their own.

The volume is filled with historical maps, engineering drawings, and both period and modern photographs. Those complementing the narrative's exploration of Pinckney's Civil War history are especially helpful in making more intelligible the many physical alterations made to the fort as the war progressed. Enhancing the reference value of the book is its extensive appendix section, which is filled with a series of prisoner list and defending unit rosters along with a bevy of additional historical documents.

After the Civil War, federal Reconstruction governments used Castle Pinckney as a place to confine prisoners convicted by martial law's military commissions. These were their own soldiers as well as southern civilians held there for various crimes. Existing island infrastructure as well as enough area for new construction also made Pinckney suitable as a lighthouse system supply depot, and that peacetime role is also detailed in the text.

For the next hundred years, as recounted in the book, governmental entities at all levels (local, state, and federal) struggled to determine how or if to preserve Castle Pinckney. During that time responsibility for the fort passed through a series of historical associations and government departments, with some of the latter doubting its historical value as being worthy of expensive, long-term restoration and maintenance. Aptly describing Castle Pinckney as a "hot potato" alternately maintained and neglected by various responsible parties, the authors, also citing the fort's archaeological treasures unearthed during recent excavations, make a strong case for Pinckney being still worthy of both study and preservation. Regular harbor channel work, which has resulted in Shute Island's near complete erosion into the sea, continues to threaten the fort's delicate existence, but the Castle Pinckney Historical Preservation Society remains determined to both save it and keep its historical memory alive for future generations. This fine book can certainly aid in that worthy mission.

Booknotes: Fort Fisher

New Arrival:

• Fort Fisher by John Hairr (Arcadia Pub, 2024).

This is a new release from Arcadia's Images of America series.

Not part of the nation's antebellum system of brick coastal fortifications, the massive soil and sod-based Fort Fisher was erected during the war and evolved into one of the conflict's toughest nuts to crack. From the description: "The sandy dunes stretching from the Atlantic Ocean to the Cape Fear River may not have looked impressive, but Fort Fisher, North Carolina, was a key part of the coastal defenses protecting the most important link in the lifeline of the Confederacy. Blockade runners and naval raiders alike sheltered for cover under the protection provided by powerful artillery batteries, which warships of the Union Navy dared not challenge. Modeled by the fort’s commander, Col. William Lamb, after Russian-engineered designs, the sandy ramparts defending the New Inlet entrance to the Cape Fear River eventually became the largest fortifications in the South, gaining the nickname “Confederate Gibraltar.”"

Following a brief introductory outline of the late-war campaigns against Fort Fisher, the rest of the material is divided into five chapters. Utilizing captioned maps, newspaper illustrations, old and modern photographs, and images (often full-page photos) of key figures in the struggle over the fort, the first chapter covers Fisher's construction and early-war history. Its key role in shepherding blockade runners in and out of the Cape Fear River is highlighted in the following chapter. A number of the ships involved in those endeavors are featured. The first major direct action against the fort, spotlighted by the failed powder vessel experiment, is the subject of the third chapter's sequence of captioned photos and illustrations. The January 1865 fall of Fort Fisher through direct assault is explored in the fourth chapter. The highlight of the fifth chapter is the series of Timothy O'Sullivan photographs documenting the fort's appearance and condition after Union forces took possession of it.

Coming Soon (September '24 Edition)

Scheduled for SEPT 2024¹:
• A Day in September: The Battle of Antietam and the World It Left Behind by Stephen Budiansky.
• High-Bounty Men in the Army of the Potomac: Reclaiming Their Honor by Edwin Rutan.
• Reckoning with the Devil: Nathan Bedford Forrest in Myth and Memory by Court Carney.
• The Lead Mine Men: The Enduring 45th Illinois Volunteer Infantry by Thomas Mack.
• A Hell of a Storm: The Battle for Kansas, the End of Compromise, and the Coming of the Civil War by David Brown.
• Playing at War: Identity and Memory in Civil War Video Games ed. by Lewis & Welborn.
• A Tempest of Iron and Lead: Spotsylvania Court House, May 8-21, 1864 by Chris Mackowski.
• Digging All Night and Fighting All Day: The Civil War Siege of Spanish Fort and the Mobile Campaign, 1865 by Paul Brueske.

Comments: The Rutan title is already out.

¹ - These monthly release lists are not meant to be exhaustive compilations of non-fiction releases. They do not include reprints that are not significantly revised/expanded, special editions not distributed to reviewers, children's books, and digital-only titles. Works that only tangentially address the war years are also generally excluded. Inevitably, one or more titles on this list will get a rescheduled release (and they do not get repeated later), so revisiting the past few "Coming Soon" posts is the best way to pick up stragglers.

Booknotes: The Plot to Perpetuate Slavery

New Arrival:

• The Plot to Perpetuate Slavery: How George McClellan, Southern Spies and a Confidence Man Nearly Derailed Emancipation by Phil Roycraft (McFarland, 2024).

If you're like me, the memory banks are empty in regard to what the alleged plot referenced in this title could possibly be about.

From the description: "In the aftermath of the September 1862 Battle of Antietam, President Abraham Lincoln issued the most significant presidential decree in American history, the Emancipation Proclamation, which would forever free all slaves in territory not under Union control. Nevertheless, his chief military commander in the field, Major General George B. McClellan, was outraged. Within days, two former Union officers nefariously crossed the lines into rebeldom, an initiative resulting in an elaborate subterfuge to scam Lincoln into withdrawing the Proclamation in return for nebulous promises of peace."

Perusing the Preface and Introduction of The Plot to Perpetuate Slavery: How George McClellan, Southern Spies and a Confidence Man Nearly Derailed Emancipation, the "confidence man" referred to in the book's subtitle is John Wesley Greene. Author Phil Roycraft claims that his "ten years of exhaustive research" and use of "historical forensics" has revealed a plot "never revealed during the war or since, which casts a new light on the dramatic events of 1862" (pg. 1).

More from the description: "This book tells the story, obscured in a veil of secrecy for 150 years, of the cloak and dagger chess match between Union detectives and Southern operatives in the months before emancipation become effective. Despite an ominous warning by author Herman Melville five years before, the scheme to perpetuate slavery almost succeeded, for it was engineered by a man the National Police Gazette once declared the "King of the Confidence Men.""

On pages 4 and 5 of the Introduction, the author summarizes the book's "series of disquieting conclusions" that are "(b)ased on largely circumstantial but compelling evidence" in eight bullet points, which you can read for yourself via the 'Look Inside' feature found by clicking on the bolded title link provided above.

Review - "New Fields of Adventure: The Writings of Lyman G. Bennett, Civil War Soldier and Topographical Engineer, 1861–1865" by M. Jane Johansson, editor

[New Fields of Adventure: The Writings of Lyman G. Bennett, Civil War Soldier and Topographical Engineer, 1861–1865 edited by M. Jane Johansson (University of Tennessee Press, 2024). Softcover, maps, photos, illustrations, endnotes, bibliography, index. Pages main/total:xxiv,298/399. ISBN:978-1-62190-861-6. $39.95]

Big picture investigation of Civil War military engineering has drawn increased attention from scholars over the past quarter century. Given the viewpoint expressed in his book Engineering Victory: How Technology Won the Civil War (2016), Thomas Army is arguably the most vigorous proponent of the idea that the vast disparity between North and South in the areas of formal engineering education, practitioner pools, technology, and resources was a primary (and even perhaps the key) factor in Union victory. While Army's case is compelling on a number of levels, it is also clear through studies such as Larry Daniel's Engineering in the Confederate Heartland (2022) and Saxon Bisbee's Engines of Rebellion: Confederate Ironclads and Steam Engineering in the American Civil War (2018) that impressive feats of military engineering effort and skill were not entirely beyond the limited capabilities of the South. Examples of relatively recent works focusing on military engineering's role during specific campaigns are Earl Hess's excellent series of books published between 2005 and 2018 that cover field fortifications in the eastern theater and the western theater's Atlanta Campaign. Justin Solonick's Engineering Victory: The Union Siege of Vicksburg (2015) is equally insightful. Histories of specialized engineering units have also emerged during this time, two examples being Mark Hoffman's "My Brave Mechanics": The First Michigan Engineers and Their Civil War (2007) and Patterson's Independent Company of Engineers and Mechanics 1861-1865 (2020) by Charles Bogart.

Scholarly editing and publication of the writings of Union engineers is another major feature of this expanding body of literature. Correspondence from one of the war's most celebrated military engineers can be studied through Paul Taylor's My Dear Nelly: The Selected Civil War Letters of General Orlando M. Poe to His Wife Eleanor (2020). Also in 2020, University of Tennessee Press published A Volunteer in the Regulars: The Civil War Journal and Memoir of Gilbert Thompson, US Engineer Battalion (edited by Mark Smith) through their Voices of the Civil War series. Another Voices title of similar vein is the subject of this review, M. Jane Johansson's New Fields of Adventure: The Writings of Lyman G. Bennett, Civil War Soldier and Topographical Engineer, 1861–1865. Johansson's volume possesses the added distinction of being the rare military engineering volume centered on the Trans-Mississippi theater, not only Missouri, Arkansas, and Kansas but the Great Plains and Mountain West as well.

Married at the end of 1859 and a father by the outbreak of the Civil War, Connecticut-born Illinoisan Lyman Gibson Bennett derived the bulk of his personal income from surveying, an in-demand skill that would place him in good stead during the coming conflict. He enlisted in the Thirty-Sixth Illinois, and by the fall of 1861 found himself in Rolla, Missouri, a town located at the terminus of the Southwestern Branch of the Pacific Railroad. Rolla's location made it one of the state's most strategically important posts, and Bennett's surveying skills were immediately put to use in the construction of Fort Lyman and in mapping the surrounding countryside. Johansson very aptly describes Bennett's writing style as being similar to a "travelogue." Indeed, Bennett's engaging prose combined with his lengthy and highly detailed descriptions of physical distances between points of interest, the weather, the natural landscape (and its most prominent geographical features), habitations, and developmental improvements are a prime feature of all of his writings and serve as a veritable goldmine of historical information for today's readers and scholars. Perhaps only the late John Bradbury, the foremost expert on Civil War Rolla, could have told us for certain, but it seems likely that Bennett's extensive diary of this period is the most notable single source behind our knowledge of the critical early-war period in and around that center of transportation and military occupation. Significantly, unlike so many other Civil War diary, letter, and journal writers, Bennett was also very willing to 'talk shop,' detailing for readers the instruments he used and processes he followed for accurately estimating distances, laying out fortifications, and platting out the countryside for military use.

Soon, Bennett's engineering skills brought him to the attention of higher ups, and after a brief hospital stay in St. Louis he returned to active service, rejoining his regiment as it crossed into northwest Arkansas with General Samuel Curtis's Army of the Southwest. In addition to describing the increasing levels of devastating observed during his march to the front, during which he was also detailed to lead a side expedition, Bennett also offers very extensive eyewitness accounts of the battles of Bentonville and Pea Ridge. In hailing Bennett's account of his experiences during the Battle of Pea Ridge, Johansson is certainly not exaggerating the depth and significance of it as one of the most enlightening ones written by a soldier serving in the ranks. His regiment, the Thirty-Sixth Illinois, was a key contributor to Union success in the highly consequential Oberson's Field sector on March 7, 1862. There, its skirmishers essentially decapitated the Confederate high command in that area of the sprawling battlefield by killing in close succession generals Ben McCulloch and second in command James McIntosh. An admirer of General Franz Sigel, Bennett also vividly describes his regiment's participation in the March 8 counterattack that routed the Confederate army and produced, by many accounts, Sigel's best day as a Civil War general. After the battle Bennett formally joined Curtis's staff and performed topographical engineering duties during the army's long march across northern Arkansas.

Returning to St. Louis to finalize his maps, Bennett became bored with department headquarters desk work and received a commission to raise troops in northwest Arkansas. His two-part memoir "Recruiting in Dixie," written in the 1870s, vividly recounts his dangerous entry and recruitment adventures in that guerrilla-infested part of the state, where anti-Confederate "Mounted Feds" enlisted and fought in large numbers. While tall tales of enemy atrocities abound, readers nevertheless gain a clear sense of the societal breakdown that occurred in a mountainous region where lethal violence was common on and off the battlefield and household neutrality impossible to maintain. Bennett eventually was promoted to major of the Fourth Arkansas Cavalry (US), and his writings offer useful firsthand perspectives on operations in the area. Hand in hand with those accounts are rather sharp opinions of the region's backwardness (at least in comparison to his own views of elevated civilization). Citing what he felt to have been "unjust prejudice against northern officers" (pg. 232), Bennett resigned his commission near the end of 1864.

In 1865, Bennett returned to the war, this time as a civilian contract engineer. As his diaries reveal, Bennett surveyed battlefields from the recently concluded Price Expedition as well as government lands in eastern Kansas. Those intimately familiar with the atlas to the O.R. will immediately recognize the former. In a remarkable journey spanning, by Johansson's estimate, two thousand miles, Bennett then followed the overland trail across Nebraska and into Colorado (with a detour to observe the territory's gold fields). He also was sent on a mission to survey fortifications at Fort Laramie in Wyoming, Dakota Territory. Though those journeys were full of danger from Indian raids, extreme weather, and frontier privation, Bennett's typical curiosity and colorful travelogue style of writing remained intact. Finding no need to return to the Bennett material already well covered by another scholar [see David Wagner's Powder River Odyssey: Nelson Cole's Western Campaign of 1865 - The Journals of Lyman G. Bennett and Other Eyewitness Accounts (2009)], Johansson's examination ends in April 1865.

Johansson's professionalism in compiling, arranging, and editing the Bennett writings is exemplary. She puts her own considerable primary and secondary source research to good use in the volume's illuminating chapter introductions, the epilogue, and endnotes. The notes provide consistent source and background information on persons, places, and events described in Bennett's writing while also offering corrections to Bennett's factual mistakes. Johansson also makes sure to include as many of Bennett's surviving maps and drawings as possible, noting that copyright precluded reproduction of the artwork Bennett produced for his "Personal Reminiscences," one part of which was the aforementioned "Recruiting in Dixie."

Bennett's Civil War writings and Jane Johansson's expert editing of them for scholarly publication should draw interest from a broad range of readers, among them those concerned with the major military campaigns of the Trans-Mississippi West, the role of military engineering in both the conduct and historical documentation of those campaigns, and the hardships and military contributions of the Unionist minority in Arkansas. This fresh Voices of the Civil War series title is very highly recommended.

Book series progress updates

Given the quality, depth, and floor joist-groaning weight of the final product, no one can possibly quibble with Scott Hartwig for taking more than a decade to finish the second installment of his monumental two-volume history of the 1862 Maryland Campaign. On the other hand, there are others (such as Tim Smith with his recently completed five-book Vicksburg Campaign series) who have managed to complete similarly massive projects in a remarkably short period of time. That got me thinking about the current situation with a few other big projects that remain unfinished.

Of course, the first volume in David Powell's highly anticipated Atlanta Campaign series has already arrived (see here), but I recently sent out some CWBA e-couriers to politely solicit updates from a few authors of follow-up titles that have been in the works for a number of years now.

When asked about the fifth and final volume of his expanded "Louisiana Quadrille" (the most recent series title, Tempest over Texas: The Fall and Winter Campaigns of 1863–1864, having been released in 2020), Don Frazier responded that he was prioritizing another publishing project and that the eagerly awaited fifth installment was still in mental "outline" form. I don't know if that means the research is all finished and don't have a projected completion date.

A. Wilson Greene, author of A Campaign of Giants - The Battle for Petersburg, Volume 1: From the Crossing of the James to the Crater (2018), responded immediately that the second volume in his Petersburg series (I believe it is a planned trilogy) will be in UNC Press's Spring '25 catalog, with a targeted pub date somewhere in the February to April range. He goes on to say that the manuscript is currently in final editing, with page proofs arriving soon. I gave a highly positive review to Volume 1 and am looking forward to the second installment.

Like Campaign of Giants, River of Death - The Chickamauga Campaign, Volume 1: The Fall of Chattanooga, the first half of William Glenn Robertson's two-part operational history of the Chickamauga Campaign, was published back in 2018. When asked about V2, Robertson responded with the following:

"I am currently working on Chapter 15, out of a projected 15, plus possibly an epilogue, so the end is in sight. I hope to finish the manuscript by the end of September of this year, although the completion date might extend into October. Maps and photos are yet to be finalized. The University of North Carolina Press has been most gracious in sticking with me over such a long period of time. They will choose the publication date, but I am hoping for their spring list."

So it sounds like it will be a while yet before we get the Frazier book, but if things go smoothly we might be able to read both the Greene and Robertson titles as early as next spring.

Booknotes: Massacre at St. Louis

New Arrival:

• Massacre at St. Louis: The Road to the Camp Jackson Affair and Civil War by Kenneth E. Burchett (McFarland, 2024).

A couple of McFarland titles arrived just as I was beginning a short summer break, so let's get to the first one.

Every study of the 1861 fighting in Missouri up to and including the climactic Battle of Wilson's Creek, and there are quite a few of them, includes background information (often quite extensive) on political and military events between Lincoln's election and the outbreak of the shooting war in the state. A pretty consistent narrative has emerged from all that, with variation in interpretation primarily found in discussions of the character and motivations of two principal antagonists, Missouri Governor Claiborne Jackson and U.S. Captain (later Brigadier General) Nathaniel Lyon.

From the description: "In 1861, Union Brigadier General Nathaniel Lyon marched through the divided slave state Missouri en route to St. Louis. Lyon was to arrest a state militia unit at Camp Jackson that planned to raid a federal arsenal in the city. Upon capturing the men, Lyon's troops encountered crowds of hostile citizens and, after a gun shot, they fired on the mob, killing at least 28 civilians in what is now known as the Camp Jackson affair, or the St. Louis massacre."

Stretching back to some of the earliest origins of the sectional divide, Kenneth Burchett's Massacre at St. Louis: The Road to the Camp Jackson Affair and Civil War fleshes out those preliminaries mentioned in the first paragraph considerably. I've mentioned before [in this post] that this new book is part of a trio of works from Burchett that will recount events in Missouri leading up to the Battle of Wilson's Creek.

The book covers an extended length of time. In the Preface, Burchett notes that the book "is in ten parts; each part links a series of events that took place over a period of four decades" (pg. 1). In those parts, "the author describes partisan activities leading to hostilities, promotes awareness about the history of slavery in America, and explores political divisions still evident in American culture." The description offers some hints in regard to new information, noting that "(p)reviously unpublished materials about Governor Claiborne Jackson are included, as well as the role of Montgomery Blair in the fight for Missouri, an analysis of the number of arms in the St. Louis Arsenal and the unknown total number of casualties of the St. Louis massacre."

Booknotes: Holding Charleston by the Bridle

New Arrival:

• Holding Charleston by the Bridle: Castle Pinckney and the Civil War by W. Clifford Roberts, Jr. & Matthew A.M. Locke (Savas Beatie, 2024).

Two of Charleston harbor's main forts have received full history treatments from publisher Savas Beatie this year. First there was the February release of Richard Hatcher's Thunder in the Harbor: Fort Sumter and the Civil War and just months later we now get W. Clifford Roberts and Matthew Locke's Holding Charleston by the Bridle: Castle Pinckney and the Civil War. A Third System fort that was still incomplete by the outbreak of the Civil War, Sumter guarded the outer harbor's channel entrances while the older Second System's Castle Pinckney was finished before the War of 1812 and more closely covered the inner harbor and the city itself.

From the description: "On the eve of the Civil War, the London Times informed its readers that Castle Pinckney has “been kept garrisoned, not to protect Charleston from naval attack from the ocean, but to serve as a bridle upon the city.” Located on a marshy island in the center of Charleston’s magnificent harbor, the large cannons on the ramparts of this horseshoe-shaped masonry fort had the ability to command downtown Charleston and the busy wharves along East Bay Street. This inescapable fact made Pinckney an important chess piece in the secession turmoil of 1832 and 1850, and in the months leading up to the 1861 bombardment of Fort Sumter."

Roberts and Locke's study is the first to comprehensively address the fort's entire history from its "innovative design as part of America’s “Second System” of coastal fortifications to the modern challenges of preserving its weathered brick walls against rising sea levels." Castle Pinckney's long active history encompassed numerous events between its construction and the Civil War period. Indeed, "defending the fort was one of Winfield Scott’s major concerns during the Nullification Crisis of 1832. Seminole Indians and Africans from the illegal slave ship Echo were held there" as well.

Of course, the Civil War years, during which the fort served as both seacoast artillery platform and prison, are a major focus of the book's content. More: "In 1860, Maj. Robert Anderson knew Pinckney was the key to protecting his small Federal garrison at Fort Moultrie, but his requests to Washington for troops to hold it went unheeded. That December, three companies of Charleston militia scaled Pinckney’s walls and seized the fort in a daring act that pushed the nation to the edge of civil war. After First Manassas (Bull Run), 156 captured Yankee officers and enlisted men were sent to the island, and in 1863, members of the famous 54th Massachusetts were held there as POWs. The fort’s guns helped defend Charleston during the war’s longest siege. By 1865, the old fortress had been transformed into an earthen barbette battery with a Brooke Rifle and three giant 10-inch Columbiads." Former Confederates were also held as prisoners within Pinckney's walls during Reconstruction, and it was a lighthouse depot for forty years more.

The volume is enhanced through a large collection of maps, drawings, photographs, and artwork. Numerous rosters of prisoners held at Castle Pinckney and of units defending the fort can be found in the appendix section, which also contains other relevant documentary supplements.

Review - "The Inland Campaign for Vicksburg: Five Battles in Seventeen Days, May 1-17, 1863" by Timothy Smith

[The Inland Campaign for Vicksburg: Five Battles in Seventeen Days, May 1-17, 1863 by Timothy B. Smith (University Press of Kansas, 2024). Hardcover, 22 maps, photos, illustrations, orders of battle, endnotes, bibliography, index. Pages main/total:xxvi,385/557. ISBN:978-0-7006-3655-6. $54.99]

Written and published in non-chronological sequence between 2020 and 2024, Timothy Smith's masterful five-volume history of the long and winding 1862-63 Vicksburg Campaign has come to an end with the release of the middle installment The Inland Campaign for Vicksburg: Five Battles in Seventeen Days, May 1-17, 1863¹. The series certainly concludes with a bang, as the two and a half week interval addressed in the book encompasses the most consequential and combat-intensive period of the entire eight-month land and naval contest for possession of the western theater's Confederate Gibraltar.

Smith begins with the first moves that followed the unopposed landing on the Mississippi shore at Bruinsburg of the leading elements of Ulysses S. Grant's Army of the Tennessee. Immediately striking inland, John C. McClernand's four-division Thirteenth Corps, soon trailed by a pair of divisions from James B. McPherson's Seventeenth Corps. As was the situation with McPherson's third division, the entirety of William T. Sherman's Fifteenth Corps remained on the other side of the Mississippi guarding key points in Grant's rear and, in Sherman's case, keeping up appearances of a possible landing north of the city. Deprived of a cavalry screen of their own on the ill-timed and ill-conceived orders of Confederate theater commander Joseph E. Johnston and much distracted by Grierson's Raid to the east, the often blind defenders were scattered across central Mississippi's military chessboard. Over the ensuing seventeen days, Grant would aggressively maintain the initiative against a hesitant and confused opponent, employing local superiority at the point of attack against detachments of John C. Pemberton's army at every turn. The result was comprehensive defeat for the Confederates over a series of battles fought at Port Gibson, Raymond, Jackson, Champion Hill, and Big Black River Bridge.

Though those five connected battles have been strongly detailed inside a number of previous books (most notably Ed Bearss's classic Vicksburg Campaign trilogy) and essays, standalone full-length histories of them are limited to Smith's own 2004 Champion Hill study and Battle of Jackson titles from Chris Mackowski in 2022 and co-authors Bearss and Warren Grabau in 1981 (and even the last shares space with the later Jackson siege and some other regional events). In the preface, Smith is quick to disclose upfront that this book is designed to be an operational-scale history and analysis of the campaign (with maps of corresponding scale), and that readers should know from the start that this narrative will not provide text and map treatments of each battle on the small-unit tactical levels of those found in Smith's earlier Champion Hill book or in the similar style of other battle micro-histories from the likes of Earl Hess, David Powell, and others.

But what a smart and insightful operational history this is. The pros and cons of each critical decision made (or not made) by Grant and Pemberton are carefully weighed by Smith, and logistical concerns are always accorded their full and proper context and significance. The narrative is marked by the heavy contrast in levels of operational thinking and skill the veteran campaigner Grant and the comparatively untested Pemberton displayed. At every turn, the former sought opportunity to seize and maintain initiative and tempo. As demonstrated by his mobile army's almost seamless changes in front, direction of movement, and operational objective as opportunity arose and circumstances allowed, Grant's flexibility along with the ability and willingness of his subordinates to promptly carry out his directives consistently resulted in his formations being in line where and when he wanted them.

On the other side, Pemberton, caught between incompatible directives from President Jefferson Davis and immediate superior Johnston, maintained his headquarters too far away from the front to adequately respond to the accelerating pace of events, and he was indecisive with the limited information he did get. When Pemberton did finally react to Grant's inland advances with intercepting movements of his own, they were marked by rampant command confusion, poor staff work, and lack of coordination. Earlier in the series, Smith presented a compelling command portrait of Pemberton as a desk general who could effectively manage slow-developing events but was easily overwhelmed by those requiring a series of quick decisions from incomplete information. What happened over the first half of May 1863, as recounted in this book, definitively buttresses that keen assessment of Pemberton's fatal limitations as a field general.

Smith's lasering in on the role of logistics in Grant's inland campaign is proper, deeply considered, and also insightful as to what might have been had the Confederates responded better. While Grant handled his army's precarious logistical tail with the same attention and skill that he gave to his army's marching orders and fighting, he was always under the gun when it came to supply. As the book explains, the long Union supply line back across the Mississippi and up its right bank to depots at Milliken's Band and beyond could be supplemented by organized foraging, but there were clear limits as to the quantities of local foodstuffs and animal forage what could be obtained. Like all large-scale expeditions highly dependent on foraging, Grant's army had to stay on the move to keep from starving. Though undoubtedly anxious, Grant demonstrated the same calmness over his logistical problems that he did under fire. A key turning point described in the book is the post-Port Gibson operational pause inside the protective cul de sac formed by the Big Black River, Mississippi River, and Bayou Pierre, during which Grant was able to accumulate, under no pressure from Pemberton's entirely defensive stance, the minimum amount of supplies that would enable him to hazard the subsequent leap into the unknown that paid off in spades. In the end, as revealed through an abundance of sources (from top to bottom) raising the same concerns, the campaign between Bruinsburg and Vicksburg was a close run thing in terms of supplies and, as Smith argues, any additional delay (such as Johnston holding on for a day or two longer in Jackson, or Pemberton maintaining his preferred defensive line across the Big Black River's opposite bank) would have made Grant's food situation fast approach critical levels. A strong case could be made, as Smith does, that Pemberton did not even need to defeat Grant militarily in the Mississippi interior, he just had to maintain his own position until dwindling supplies and the exhausted countryside forced Grant to make a very difficult decision as to the further direction of the campaign.

However, all of this is not to say that the book is lacking in matters of tactical-level discussion. There is about as much of that detail as could be expected to fit inside just under four-hundred pages of narrative. The closest comparison is with the corresponding battle sections of the Bearss trilogy, with Smith's more modern accounts of those events much further enriched through incorporation of participant accounts gleaned from the author's extensive manuscript research. There is small-unit detail present in Smith's collection of battle narratives, but it is selectively focused on the most noteworthy battlefield moments rather than applied generally throughout. In interpreting the May battles, the book does not offer startling departures from current mainstream understanding, but the overviews are first class. There is perhaps some evidence of evolved thinking in regard to Champion Hill, of which Smith is the leading expert. For example, compared to what he wrote twenty years ago, Smith's pared down to essentials version of the battle in this study seems a bit more critical of McClernand and leading division commander Peter Osterhaus's Middle Road passivity in the face of desperate fighting that was raging just a short distance away.

Timothy Smith's The Inland Campaign for Vicksburg wraps up a truly epic campaign history series project, an instant classic that will undoubtedly stand the test of time. When added to Smith's other similarly authoritative works on the Forts Henry and Donelson, Shiloh, and (both) Corinth campaigns, the continuity that emerges represents what is essentially a western theater mega-series tracing the rise of Grant in the West and, more generally, the first half of the war in the Mississippi River Valley corridor², an eighteen-month series of operations that proved critical to Union victory and equally disastrous to future Confederate fortunes. Coming from a single author, there's really nothing quite like it in the Civil War literature.

Notes:
1 - Below is a list of the series volumes with links to their CWBA reviews:
• Volume 1 - Early Struggles for Vicksburg: The Mississippi Central Campaign and Chickasaw Bayou, October 25-December 31, 1862 (2022)
• Volume 2 - Bayou Battles for Vicksburg: The Swamp and River Expeditions, January 1 - April 30, 1863 (2023)
• Volume 3 - The Inland Campaign for Vicksburg: Five Battles in Seventeen Days, May 1-17, 1863 (2024)
• Volume 4 - The Union Assaults at Vicksburg: Grant Attacks Pemberton, May 17–22, 1863 (2020)
• Volume 5 - The Siege of Vicksburg: Climax of the Campaign to Open the Mississippi River, May 23-July 4, 1863 (2021)
2 - Of course, it can only be considered a series in hindsight, so there are gaps such as the campaign for Island No. 10.

Coming Soon (August '24 Edition)

Scheduled for AUG 2024¹:
• Massacre at St. Louis: The Road to the Camp Jackson Affair and Civil War by Kenneth Burchett.
• The Plot to Perpetuate Slavery: How George McClellan, Southern Spies and a Confidence Man Nearly Derailed Emancipation by Phil Roycraft.
• The Battle of Gettysburg 1863 (3): The Third Day by Timothy Orr.

Comments: Might be the fewest scheduled releases of any month since this site began operation.

¹ - These monthly release lists are not meant to be exhaustive compilations of non-fiction releases. They do not include reprints that are not significantly revised/expanded, special editions not distributed to reviewers, children's books, and digital-only titles. Works that only tangentially address the war years are also generally excluded. Inevitably, one or more titles on this list will get a rescheduled release (and they do not get repeated later), so revisiting the past few "Coming Soon" posts is the best way to pick up stragglers.

Booknotes: Germantown during the Civil War Era

New Arrival:

• Germantown during the Civil War Era: A Reversal of Fortune by George C. Browder (U Tenn Press, 2024).

Though a Memphis suburb today, Germantown was a rural Shelby County, Tennessee town in 1860, a station along the Memphis & Charleston Railroad fifteen miles east of the city. At that time, Germantown and the surrounding area had a population of around 2,200 (the majority of whom were slaves), with the town itself having just a few hundred inhabitants. Readers of various works covering the Civil War in West Tennessee will repeatedly encounter places on the map such as Germantown, Grand Junction, and Collierville, their military importance being their location along key railroad corridors. Most often, however, deeper insights into those communities and how they were affected by the war are relatively fleeting. That will certainly be no longer the case for Germantown after reading George Browder's Germantown during the Civil War Era: A Reversal of Fortune. It is a comprehensive military, social, and economic history of the community before, during, and after the Civil War.

With the narrative portion alone approaching 500 pages, this is a big study that's divided into three time periods: "Antebellum Germantown," "The War Years," and "The Aftermath." From the description: "Before the Civil War, Germantown had become a thriving cultural, commercial, and political center. Its elite and middle-class White families had full access to the cultural and social life of Memphis, as well as local private academies and collegiate institutions that hosted enriching events. Its appealing inns, taverns, and mineral springs allowed for festive social mixing of all classes. As an emerging industrial and commercial center of a rich cotton-growing district in the 1850s, Germantown’s decline after the war would have been unimaginable before the war. Thus, this monograph paints a picture of a vibrant community whose brilliancy was extinguished and almost entirely forgotten."

The Civil War section of the book consists of five chapters, one for each year of the war. In them Browder recounts wartime events that impacted the area, the Union occupation of "greater Germantown," and details the experiences of incessant guerrilla warfare.

The aftermath section discusses postwar Reconstruction, economic and societal recovery, and "rebirth." More from the description: "Meticulously documented and richly illustrated with maps and data, this book reveals the impacts of surviving a theater of guerrilla war, of emancipation, of social and political Reconstruction, and a disastrous Yellow Fever epidemic on all of Germantown’s people—psychologically, socially, and culturally. The damage struck far deeper than economic destruction and loss of life. A peaceful and harmonious society crumbled."

The appendix section offers further discussion of census and service record data as applied to Germantown's population as a whole, its Civil War soldiers, wealth, and property figures. Just from a cursory glance through it, the depth of this West Tennessee county and community study looks impressive.

Booknotes: Decisions of the Vicksburg Campaign

New Arrival:

• Decisions of the Vicksburg Campaign: The Eighteen Critical Decisions That Defined the Operation by Larry Peterson (U Tenn Press, 2024).

From the description: "Vicksburg, nicknamed the Gibraltar of the Confederacy, was vital to Confederate supply lines, troop movements, and access to port cities on the Gulf of Mexico. The fortified city had been under constant attack since 1862 as Admiral Farragut assaulted Vicksburg after capturing New Orleans, and Major General Halleck enlisted then Major General Grant to devise an overland campaign to support a naval engagement. As Vicksburg was heavily garrisoned and resupplied regularly, Federal plans came up short again and again. But the pugnacious Grant would eventually devise a bold plan to cross the Mississippi River and advance along the western bank, use a feint by General Sherman’s forces and a raid by Colonel Grierson’s cavalry to draw out Confederate troops, then recross the river and capture Vicksburg."

Larry Peterson's Decisions of the Vicksburg Campaign is the latest volume in UT Press's Command Decisions in America’s Civil War series. For those unfamiliar with the series format, the volume "explores the critical decisions made by Confederate and Federal commanders during the battle and how these decisions shaped its outcome. Rather than offering a history of the battle, Larry Peterson hones in on a sequence of critical decisions made by commanders on both sides of the contest to provide a blueprint of the battles for Vicksburg at their tactical core. Identifying and exploring the critical decisions in this way allows students of the battles to progress from a knowledge of what happened to a mature grasp of why events unfolded as they did."

The book takes into the account the entire length the 1862-63 campaign. Organized into six time frames each consisting of 2-4 critical decisions, the first set of decisions involves top-level strategy and command, the second the late '62 Central Mississippi phase of the campaign, the third the maneuvers down the Louisiana side of the Mississippi (and the navy's run past the river batteries), the fourth the army's crossing below Vicksburg, the fifth the whirlwind series of battles that captured Jackson and hemmed Pemberton's army inside the Vicksburg fortifications, and the last section covers the siege and surrender. The bulk of the decisions types are operational and tactical in nature, with Grant, the far more aggressive of the two opposing commanders, having the most.

There are fourteen maps, an extended driving tour of the volume's critical decision analysis (similar in format to the classic War College guides), and orders of battle. Placed at the end of the book is an appendix discussing the Davis administration's summer 1863 options (one of which was to reinforce Pemberton in Mississippi rather than support the proposed offensive movement north into Pennsylvania). It is not included in the main part of the book because the author feels it is a Gettysburg Campaign decision and not a Vicksburg Campaign one. In the end, given the state of Confederate railroads, the author does not feel that reinforcements, even if dispatched immediately after the momentous mid-May strategy conference in Richmond, could have arrived in time to make a difference (especially with the passive Joseph E. Johnston in overall theater command).

Review - "Union General Daniel Butterfield: A Civil War Biography" by James Pula

[Union General Daniel Butterfield: A Civil War Biography by James S. Pula (Savas Beatie, 2024). Hardcover, 13 maps, photos, illustrations, footnotes, bibliography, index. Pages main/total:xii,246/277. ISBN:978-1-61121-700-1. $32.95]

The military talents and accomplishments of Major General Daniel Adams Butterfield (1831-1901) were well recognized during his lifetime. However, that justly earned acclaim steadily diminished over the decades following his death. Today he is primarily remembered by Civil War students for his role in composing "Taps" and for his initiative in creating the army corps badges that, in simple but effective fashion, readily identified formation affiliation at a glance and contributed to unit pride. Most unfortunately, Butterfield is also often presented not as an individual officer with a sterling record of battlefield and administrative contributions but as a military politico connected at the hip to the ever controversial generals Joseph Hooker and Daniel Sickles.

Regardless of how he's been portrayed, a general of Butterfield's stature should have drawn the attention of at least one major biographer before now, but that has not been the case. Julia Lorrilard Butterfield, the general's second wife, did edit the 1904 volume A Biographical Memorial of General Daniel Butterfield, Including Many Addresses and Military Writings, but no full-length biography has ever been published before now. Finally rectifying that long-standing historiographical oversight is James Pula's Union General Daniel Butterfield, a relatively slim volume that nevertheless thoroughly explores Butterfield's prodigious civilian and military records of success. In addition, Pula's thoughtful study offers well-aimed and highly convincing answers to questions such as why Butterfield's rapid rise in the eastern theater's army high command peaked at Fredericksburg (where he led Fifth Corps in the field) and why his multifaceted career in uniform has been largely uncelebrated in the Civil War literature.

Although the source material necessary to provide a detailed portrait of Butterfield's earliest life apparently does not exist, Pula's biography is still a true cradle to grave treatment. Butterfield was born into a wealthy and well-connected family (his father was one of the founders of what would become American Express) and he received a strong education. Pre-Civil War coverage is most notable for Butterfield's successful integration into his family's business pursuits, where he made his own marks in management, innovation, and logistics, all of which informed the administrative genius that he demonstrated during his tenure as Army of the Potomac chief of staff under generals Hooker and George Gordon Meade. The same could be said for the management of his many different field commands, which were always maintained in proper fighting trim.

Pula details and judiciously assesses the progression of Butterfield's rise from regimental colonel to corps commander. A complete military amateur, Butterfield immersed himself in military self-learning, a process that he managed both thoroughly and at a breakneck pace. His 12th New York was widely lauded as being one of the volunteer army's best drilled and disciplined 90-Day regiments (even earning the highest praise from prickly old U.S. Army general in chief Winfield Scott). From there, Butterfield's brigade leadership on the Peninsula was instrumental to the Union victory at Hanover Court House, and his management of the extreme left flank at Gaines's Mill was solid as a rock before the line collapsed around him. For his personal bravery there he was later awarded the Medal of Honor. Butterfield assumed temporary command of a division at Second Manassas and stepped into that larger role with the same level of competence. Promoted to command of Fifth Corps over more senior professional officers (Meade being the most consequential complainant), his leadership conduct during the Battle of Fredericksburg and the skill he showed in fulfilling his assigned task of covering the withdrawal of the army upon its defeat both earned Butterfield additional performance plaudits.

Even after proving himself one of that dismal campaign's shining lights, Butterfield, to his complete dismay, was replaced at the head of Fifth Corps with Meade. Sidelined, Butterfield's fading star was rescued by Joseph Hooker when the newly appointed Army of the Potomac commander made Butterfield his chief of staff. It remains unclear exactly the degree to which Butterfield was the mastermind behind the grand suite of transformative winter 1862-63 army reforms so masterfully laid out in Albert Conner and Chris Mackowski's study Seizing Destiny: The Army of the Potomac's "Valley Forge" and the Civil War Winter that Saved the Union (2016), but it is unquestionable that it was Butterfield's task to carry them out. Unfortunately, defeat at Chancellorsville, and how it unfolded, overshadowed what was accomplished earlier by the duo.

When Hooker resigned just ahead of Gettysburg, Meade kept Butterfield on for the duration of the campaign but once the danger was over Butterfield left the army again, his flagging health forcing upon him another poorly timed sick leave. Meade took advantage of the indefinite absence and permanently replaced the ailing Butterfield with West Point career officer and engineer (and now major general) Andrew Humphreys. Once again, Butterfield's relationship with Hooker resurrected a stalled career arc, and he was brought in to serve as Hooker's chief of staff for the two-corps rescue operation sent west after the September 1863 Confederate victory at Chickamauga. During both campaigns, as Pula details, Butterfield was an untiring and exceptionally skilled handler of organization, logistics, intelligence processing, and march orders. When Hooker's men were consolidated into Twentieth Corps, Butterfield's chief of staff position was dropped and, though he was disappointed to not receive command of a corps, he was tasked with leading one of Hooker's divisions during the Atlanta Campaign. As Pula recounts, Butterfield distinguished himself at Resaca and other places before his delicate health failed him yet again. With that, Butterfield's fighting career was essentially over, though he did return to serve out the rest of the war in minor, less physically taxing administrative posts.

Off the battlefield, Butterfield found time early in the war to create an army manual, Camp and Outpost Duty for Infantry (1862), the practical value of which was so well received by professional army officers that it was recommended for army-wide use. In devising his own bugle calls to assist in managing his men amid the chaos and din of battle, Butterfield collaborated with bugler Oliver Norton, but he's better known for the composition of "Taps." Citing existing compositions such as the "Scott Tattoo," the originality of Butterfield's "Taps" has been disputed, but Pula is unconvinced by those arguments. In the book, he simply provides the sheet music of both for comparison while briefly noting his own view that "Taps" and the "Scott Tattoo" are "dramatically different in length and style," with only "modest similarities" in the last line (pg 60-61).

So, for all of those laurels and accomplishments earned in both combat leadership and military administration (none of which drew any corresponding degree of criticism from superiors, fellow officers, or political leaders), why was Butterfield's Civil War career progression characterized by a 'one step forward, two steps back' process that left him bitterly disappointed? Pula addresses that key question with powerful persuasiveness. At the top of the list of factors is the general's background and politics. Butterfield was not a West Pointer, and he was a Republican in an eastern army where West Point graduates of the more Democratic persuasion dominated top levels of command. Associated with those limitations were Butterfield's personal rivalry with Meade over who should command Fifth Corps and the former's injudicious decision to back the Sickles faction during the partisan post-Gettysburg Joint Committee investigation.

Perhaps equally significant was the degree to which Butterfield's career was tied to those of Hooker and Sickles. Outward appearances and perceptions mattered, and Butterfield came to be seen by critics as one of the defining figures in an army headquarters that became notorious in some circles as being "a combination of barroom and brothel" that no gentleman or lady could respectably enter. While most recent historians justly question the validity of that infamous assessment from the pen of Charles Francis Adams, Jr., it still has popular traction and was certainly damaging to Butterfield at the time. Unfortunately and unfairly, the result is that popular opinions of Butterfield lean more toward comparisons with politically tinged (or compromised) citizen-officers such as fellow major generals Stephen Hurlbut and Dan Sickles than they do the more truthfully fitting likes of highly capable non-professionals of similar rank such as John Logan, Grenville Dodge, and Jacob Cox.

From the collection of primary source observations that Pula cites, it is apparent that Butterfield's reputation within the army also suffered from being personally disliked by many brother officers. In reading the negative opinions presented in the book by those who came into contact with Butterfield, it seems he possessed the kind of 'smartest guy in the room' imperiousness that rubs people the wrong way regardless of the proven competence and intelligence behind its source.

Mentioned at regular intervals in the text, but perhaps not given enough emphasis by the author on its overall role in inhibiting Butterfield's career progression, was the precarious nature of the general's physical health throughout the war. Timing and simply being present and ready always figure prominently in military appointments, and plum corps-level assignments did not come up very often. Butterfield's sick leave after Gettysburg made it very easy for Meade to remove him and similar bodily health problems that arose during the first half of the 1864 campaign in North Georgia Campaign removed Butterfield from consideration during the many western high command shufflings that occurred subsequent to his health-induced absence. Assessing the degree to which overwork or a weak constitution figured most in his frequent absences (likely it was a combination of both) is difficult, but one might justly question whether Butterfield could stayed in the saddle consistently enough to reach his highest potential regardless of outside forces working against him.

The general also missed out on opportunities for self promotion. Even with those wartime health concerns referenced above, Butterfield still lived a long life, and his lack of interest in penning a Civil War memoir of the kind that propped up and cemented the martial reputations of so many other brother Civil War officers most certainly contributed to his relatively obscure status today. Taking all of the above into account, it becomes less puzzling as to the probable hows and whys behind Butterfield's Civil War field command ceiling and his rather disproportionately modest position in Civil War memory.

While Pula is quite obviously a great admirer of Butterfield, he also doesn't shrink from criticizing his subject when it's merited, nor does he fail to address the more damaging attacks on the general's character. In addition to lamenting Butterfield's siding with Sickles over the post-Gettysburg Sickles-Meade controversy, the author points to Butterfield's association with a major political and financial scandal after the war. During the partisan feeding frenzy attached to such things, there's a lot of guilt by association bandied about by various parties, and Pula concludes that the extent of Butterfield's involvement in gold market manipulation (he was a high-level U.S. Treasury appointee of the Grant administration) remains murky. What is beyond dispute was the hit to his reputation.

After the war, Butterfield greatly expanded upon his prewar business pursuits and amassed considerable wealth, which he generously applied to promotion of Union veteran affairs and war remembrance. Butterfield always returned to the short period of his life when he served his country with bravery and distinction, and it was fitting that his desire to be buried at West Point, for which special exception was needed, was granted.

James Pula's Union General Daniel Butterfield: A Civil War Biography comprehensively and responsibly restores the distinguished military reputation of its subject, a man who cheerfully shed the safety and comforts of the civilian world when his country called and proved to be both a gifted field general and one of the most able military administrators that the war produced. Upon finishing this volume, one is quite strongly tempted to go against the grain of popular understanding and rank Dan Butterfield among the war's top citizen-generals. Highly recommended.

Booknotes: The Last Days of the Schooner America

New Arrival:

• The Last Days of the Schooner America: A Lost Icon at the Annapolis Warship Factory by David Gendell (Lyons Pr, 2024)

From the description: "The schooner America was a technological marvel and a child star. In the summer of 1851, just weeks after her launching at New York, she crossed the Atlantic and sailed to an upset victory against a fleet of champions. The silver cup she won that day is still coveted by sportsmen. Almost immediately after that famous victory, she began a decades-long run of adventure, neglect, rehabilitations, and hard sailing, always surrounded by colorful, passionate personalities." Though its title is suggestive of a more limited focus, David Gendell's The Last Days of the Schooner America: A Lost Icon at the Annapolis Warship Factory is a complete history of the America, with additional focus directed toward its connection to the Annapolis Yacht Yard.

Gendell's book "traces the history of the famous vessel, from her design, build, and early racing career, through her lesser-known Civil War service and the never-before-told story of her final days and moments on the ground at Annapolis. The schooner's story is set against a vivid picture of the entrepreneurial forces behind the fast, focused rise of the Annapolis Yacht Yard as the United States prepares for and enters World War II."

America had quite the long and varied career afloat. More: It "ran and enforced wartime blockades. She carried spies across the ocean. And she was on the scene as yachtsmen and business titans spent freely and competed fiercely for the cup she first won. By the early twentieth century, she was in desperate need of a thorough refit. The old thoroughbred floated in brackish water at the United States Naval Academy, stripped of her sails and rotting in the sun." Because it was a celebrated vessel, the America's role in the Civil War is often mentioned in various texts, albeit only briefly. Around thirty pages in this study are devoted to the yacht's Civil War career, which began as a Confederate blockade runner based out of Florida. Trapped by U.S. ships in the Saint Johns River, the America was submerged by its operators in hopes of escaping detection. However, it was duly discovered, raised, and put into Union blockade enforcement service.

As mentioned above, on the eve of WW2 the yacht was a deteriorating mess. Refitting it "would be a massive project—expensive and potentially distracting for a nation struggling to emerge from the Great Depression and preparing for a world war. But the project had a powerful sponsor. On a windy evening in December 1940, the eighty-nine-year-old America was hauled "groaning and complaining" up a marine railway at Annapolis: the first physical step in a rehabilitation rumored to have been set in motion by President Franklin Roosevelt himself."

There the narrative shifts to the Annapolis Yacht Yard and its development into a significant naval construction facility. "The haul-out brought the famous schooner into the heart of the Annapolis Yacht Yard, a privately owned company with a staff capable of completing such a project, but with leadership determined to convert their facility into a modern warship production plant on behalf of the United States and its allies."

In order to bring these stories to light, the author "delved into archival sources and oral histories and interviewed some of the last living people who saw America at the Annapolis Yacht Yard." The text is further enhanced through a wonderful collection of historical photographs.

Booknotes: The Cavalry of the Army of the Ohio

New Arrival:

• The Cavalry of the Army of the Ohio: A Civil War History by Dennis W. Belcher (McFarland, 2024).

Over the past decade, historian Dennis Belcher has become the most prolific chronicler of cavalry operations in the Civil War's western heartland. Beginning in 2014 with a biography of General David Stanley, one of the chief architects of Union mounted forces in the western theater, Belcher has since authored Chickamauga, Stones River, and Nashville campaign cavalry studies and a comprehensive history of the Army of the Cumberland's mounted arm. A companion to the last is Belcher's latest book, The Cavalry of the Army of the Ohio: A Civil War History.

As the Army of the Ohio had more than one life, lack of continuity will be a big part of the story. The first Army of the Ohio under Don Carlos Buell was dissolved by his successor William Rosecrans and renamed the Army of the Cumberland, but the Army of the Ohio was revived by Ambrose Burnside in spring 1863. By the beginning of the 1864 Atlanta Campaign, the army was one in name only, consisting of just the Twenty-Third Corps under John Schofield. From the description: "At the outset of the Civil War, the cavalry of the Army of the Ohio (Michigan, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Pennsylvania, Kentucky, and Tennessee) was a fledgling force beginning an arduous journey that would make it the best cavalry in the world. In late 1862, most of this cavalry was transferred to the Army of the Cumberland and a second cavalry force emerged in the second Army of the Ohio."

The study is divided into two parts, with Part I following the first Army of the Ohio during 1861-62 and Part II the second Army of the Ohio in the years 1863-64. While there is a Nashville Campaign coda of sorts, the study essentially ends in October 1864 with the post-Atlanta consolidation of the Union cavalry in Sherman's Military Division of the Mississippi. More from the description: "Throughout the war," Army of the Ohio cavalry forces "fought in some of the most important military operations of the war, including Camp Wildcat; Mill Springs; the siege of Corinth; raids into East Tennessee; the capture of Morgan during his Great Raid; and the campaigns of Middle Tennessee, Perryville, Knoxville, Atlanta, and Nashville. This is their complete history."

As is the case with Belcher's other books, this one is profusely illustrated with photos and contemporary drawings. At regular intervals in the text, readers will also find detailed orders of battle and information tables of numerous kinds. Excellent George Skoch maps were also commissioned for this volume. All of the expected source types are strongly represented in the bibliography, including a large number of unpublished letters, diaries, memoirs, and records housed in manuscript repositories located all across the country. I was quite impressed with Belcher's similarly formatted Army of the Cumberland book and expect to have the same reaction to this one.

Review - "North Carolina Troops, 1861-1865: A Roster, Volume XXII - Confederate States Navy, Confederate States Marine Corps, and Charlotte Naval Yard" by Hatton & Meekins

[North Carolina Troops, 1861-1865: A Roster, Volume XXII - Confederate States Navy, Confederate States Marine Corps, and Charlotte Naval Yard edited by Katelynn A. Hatton & Alex Christopher Meekins (North Carolina Office of Archives and History, 2024). Cloth, maps, photos, illustrations, roster, appendix section, index. Pages:xi,468. ISBN:978-0-86526-504-2. $55]

Currently under the auspices of the North Carolina Office of Archives and History, the origins of the North Carolina Troops, 1861-1865: A Roster series stretch all the way back to 1961. As explained on the jacket flap, the project's mission is "to publish a service record for every man who served in a unit raised in North Carolina during the Civil War, and to publish a history of each of these units." With previous entries focused on army and militia units and leaders, the final Confederate volume^*, North Carolina Troops, 1861-1865: A Roster, Volume XXII - Confederate States Navy, Confederate States Marine Corps, and Charlotte Naval Yard, awards the nautical service's sailors, marines, and naval station support personnel their just due. The book compiles roster information on roughly 2,450 individuals.

To call the volume's text a supporting narrative to the roster feature does not do justice to its depth and quality. Many aspects of the naval war fought on North Carolina rivers and sounds have been well addressed among numerous specialized manuscripts, scholarly articles, and chapters within broader studies, but editors Katelynn Hatton and Christopher Meekins employ both synthesis and their own primary research to create for this series a remarkably fresh and comprehensive overview of the subject. In fact, no other single-volume study of the Confederate Navy in North Carolina waters approaches the inclusiveness of this one. In it, Hatton and Meekins provide important big picture views and interpretations of events and strategy, but they also explore on a more tactical level an extensive array of squadron-level operations and single-ship actions along with a host of land and seaborne raids of both well known and highly obscure natures.

The text offers in-depth explanations of the many military, economic, and political challenges involved with creating a Confederate naval presence in North Carolina from scratch. The most defining setback to that process was the great success of the Burnside Expedition in seizing strategic points located along the North Carolina coastline. Similar to how the fall of New Orleans in April 1862 dramatically decreased Confederate capacity for building a navy to serve on the western waters, the quick loss of eastern North Carolina, according to the authors, set Confederate naval construction in the area back by at least a year. That was critical lost time that could not be made up. Additionally, outside of Wilmington's preserved facilities, enemy seizure of the rest of the North Carolina coast's shipyards and ports forced new warships to be constructed at ad hoc facilities located some distance upriver, an inescapable liability that limited design possibilities (ex. displacement and draft considerations). So equipment saved from Gosport in Virginia went to the new naval yard at Charlotte, North Carolina and to additional yard facilities for ironclad construction established at places such as Tarboro on the Tar River and Whitehall on the Neuse. In carrying out the region's ironclad program, well-defended Wilmington had it better when it came to industrial potential, but the authorities there labored under similar manpower and resource restrictions.

Indeed, the leadership, strategy, organization, interservice relations, and resource allocation associated with the ironclad construction program in the state is a major focus of attention. In addition to limited availabilities of everything needed (especially skilled labor, powerful steam engines, and iron for armor plating), the naval yards in North Carolina also had to compete with the supply and logistical needs of the army in Virginia for use of the region's overworked rail system. The various naval construction yards also had to compete with each other for pieces of the human and material resource pie, and the dispersal of effort involved in all that greatly extended the project finishing times for every ironclad and exposed the safety of many to ever increasing Union land and naval encroachment. The careers of the CSS North Carolina, Albemarle, Neuse, and Raleigh (along with the particular challenges and problems associated with each of those ironclads) are discussed at some length, as are the fates of others either burned on the stocks to escape capture or destroyed by enemy raiders.

The Confederacy's overall return on investment when it came to its ironclad programs is a hotly debated topic. Some have argued that coordinated defense systems of torpedoes, obstructions, and fortified heavy batteries could have fulfilled the same defensive purposes as ironclad squadrons and at a fraction of the cost. On the other hand, ironclads, even deployed singly, held significant "fleet in being" value, and adoption of purely defensive measures also meant that strategic locations once lost had almost no possibility of being regained without the punching power provided by ironclads. As editors Hatton and Meekins note, aside from the Albemarle's signal contribution to the recapture of Plymouth in 1864, the overall benefits the Confederate war effort gained from use of its North Carolina ironclads (most of which were destroyed or dismantled by their own crews after experiencing relatively little action over the course of their existence) were not in favorable proportion to the sheer amount of scarce financial and material investment poured into their construction. With active ironclad operations being primarily a middle-late war phenomenon in North Carolina, one also really sees the impact of the lost year referenced earlier.

Analysis of the merits and strategic impact of commerce raiding missions based out of North Carolina, specifically those of the Tallahassee and the Chickamauga, is another strong element of the study. The popularly celebrated exploits of those vessels are recounted at some length, but perhaps the most interesting issues raised by the writers surround the animosity that developed between the commerce raiders (and their mission supporters in Richmond) on one side and both local army authorities and blockade runners on the other. At Wilmington, General W.H.C. Whiting believed that the raiders only served to bring more unwanted enemy attention to the port, making his job much more difficult that it already was by 1864-65, and the runners decried being forced to allocate precious anthracite coal from their own limited stocks to the raiding ship bunkers. Accurately or not, complaining blockade runner captains also tied the successes of the cruisers against northern merchant shipping to a tightening of the North Carolina blockade and its heightened dangers to their own ships.

In addition to the differences in strategy espoused by state leaders and the Confederate authorities in Richmond, the book also reveals the interservice divisions that greatly hampered efficiency. Far different from the cooperative spirit so often demonstrated between Union generals and naval officers on the western waterways, so many incidents of serious tensions between the Confederate Army and Navy are cited in the book that it is suggestive of far more than traditional service rivalry and more of a pervasive conflict over authority, objectives, and resources that proved harmful to the general war effort in North Carolina. For example, army-navy relations were so bad for so long at the Wilmington station that an armed standoff developed between the respective commands of General Whiting and Commodore William F. Lynch, the situation only defused after both leaders were ordered to Richmond to explain themselves. Things were better elsewhere, the best example being the triumph at Plymouth, but such occasions of brotherly interservice cooperation tended to be few and far between in North Carolina.

The significant sailor and marine contributions to the land defenses of Fort Fisher and surrounding batteries during both major Union efforts to take them are well outlined in the book; however, as Hatton and Meekins explain, much of the heroics of the rank and file were hampered by the less than stellar Confederate leadership at the top from generals Braxton Bragg and Chase Whiting. As Union land and naval forces gradually overwhelmed the defenses in North Carolina and remaining naval vessels were scuttled, officers and crews were incorporated into land units that served as infantry up in Virginia during the eastern war's final campaign.

As is the case with many reference book projects, visual aids and frills are relatively few here, with just a handful of maps, photographs, and drawings scattered about the volume. There is no bibliography, but the source material is fully documented in the footnotes. In terms of strength and quality of construction, the physical package is built to withstand decades of heavy use. The jacket is lightweight, but gray cloth binding and paper are both of high standards.

It appears that no stone was left unturned in the quest for obtaining roster information. Sources used include "ship muster rolls, newspapers (casualty lists, officer appointments, etc.), Confederate paymaster receipts, North Carolina Governor's Office records, diaries, and personal letters." "Confederate pension records, the dicennial federal censuses (1860-1930), cemetery records, published reminiscences," and previous roster series titles were also consulted (pg. 243). Entries are organized alphabetically, and the most detailed ones offer personal and service-related information such as rank, birth and death dates and locations, burial site identification, enlistment/commission dates, list of appointments/commands (dates, stations, ships, etc.), promotions, transfers, wounding(s)/POW/KIA dates and info (if applicable), and sickness records. Impressed black sailors and naval yard laborers are also included. The C.S. Marine Corps and Charlotte Naval Station rosters are presented separately, as are lists of ships stationed in North Carolina, blockade runners that passed in and out of Wilmington, and other vessels upon which North Carolinians served.

In this first exposure to the North Carolina Civil War roster series, this reviewer has come away roundly impressed by the depth of research and effort that went into both the history and roster features of Volume XXII. The narrative portion alone ranks as one of the best naval histories in the Civil War literature. If the other series installments display the same degree of thorough and authoritative excellence, one is surely left with a truly monumental reference tool for future generations of scholars, genealogists, and topic enthusiasts.

Additional Note:
* - As mentioned in the earlier CWBA Booknotes entry, in fulfillment of the ongoing mission the editors are now working on the Union series, which will "include service records of North Carolinians who served in the U.S. Army, Navy, and Marine Corps." However, that doesn't automatically mean that the Confederate series is finished for good with the release of Volume XXII, as new information is always being solicited from the public and an addendum is cited as a distinct possibility. If you feel you have any information that might help, follow the series link provided in the review above and you'll find submission requirements and suggestions.